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browsecomp_plus_17199_173 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS We are thus treated to, amongst other things, the saga of the struggle for existence of a prehistoric cave-dweller ; a series of dramatic sword-fights of a French nobleman in the Middle Ages ; the account through the eyes of a young boy of a caravan of pioneers on their way to California being attacked by the redoubtable Mormon Militia when crossing Utah ; the wild adventures of a crew of Dutch sailors stranded on the desolate shores of northern Korea hundreds of years ago who are captured and brought to the country's luxurious capital to be displayed to prince and population as foreign devils ; the successful struggle for survival of a shipwrecked sailor marooned on a lonely rock in the southernmost Pacific ; the eye-witness account of a Roman soldier in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus ; and other dramatic episodes in mankind's history that he is able to transpose himself to during the straight-jacket sessions. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_174 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS While there are mystical passages at the beginning (where the narrator talks about roving among the stars when he first learns how mind can overcome matter to get him far away from the maniacal prison warden) and at the end (where there is a mystical passage about the narrator's feeling of being in touch with all of the key episodes and participants in human history), the rest of the story is taken up with the practical details of the professor's voyages though time and human history and his struggle to overcome the tyranny of the prison administration. – On the whole the novel is a not so much a work of science-fiction or fantasy as a work of considerable imagination and power on the theme of mental escapism with a very solid and realistic basis in the cruel hardships of prison life. | 8 | 104,000 | | 12 | 1915 | The Little Lady of the Big House | General Fiction | Dick Forrest is the very wealthy, very handsome and very charming 40-year-old owner of an immense 250,000-acre (100,000 hectares !) ranch in the rich farmland of the Sacramento River valley, where he breeds prime sheep, prize bulls, cows and thoroughbred horses that he exports all over the United States and elsewhere. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_175 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Former hobo in his youth, former captain of the U. of California Varsity football team later on, holder of a graduate degree in agronomics, he has also had years of wild adventures in the Klondike and the South Seas. He excels at everything he does – athletics, horse-riding, boxing, managing a thriving business, citing and singing poetry, discussing philosophy with his never-ending stream of guests and in just being his naturally brilliant and extremely generous self. His wife Paula, the little lady of the title, whom he had met in a night-club in Paris that he was running in his wilder days, and whom he had married there before sailing all over the world with her before settling down to his ranch business, is a quite-perfect woman of great beauty who plays the piano like a concert musician, sings like an angel, dances divinely, dives and swims and rides horses like a champion and is still very much in love with him in spite of his tendency to spend rather too much of his time with his business affairs and his agricultural experiments. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_176 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS At the very beginning of the story arrives yet another house guest – sometimes there are dozens of them in the appropriately-gigantic Big House (it is 800 feet long !) – and he too is blond and forty and handsome and charming and has spent years adventuring all over the world. Now there is practically a tradition in this palatial residence that male house guests inevitably fall in love with the hostess, and Evan Graham, an old friend of Dick's who has had many adventures with him, is no exception : not only is he immediately enthralled by her many charms and abilities and sparkling personality, but the feeling becomes more and more reciprocal. And the lord of the realm doesn't seem to even wonder at the inordinate length of Evan's stay-over, although towards the end he does finally begin to suspect that the little lady in the big house has something to do with it. – Interesting in a way because of the clearly autobiographical elements in the story and also to a certain degree because of the many rather enjoyable party-scenes scattered throughout, the snail's pace of the story development, its excessive length, the too-flowery tone of the dialogues and prose and the practically inhuman perfection of its main protagonists do not make this one of the author's most memorable works. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_177 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | 7 | 101,000 | | 13 | 1917 | Jerry of the Islands | South Seas | Jerry is a thoroughbred golden-haired Irish terrier puppy who is being brought up by his master on a colonial coconut plantation in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific to become a "nxxxxx-chaser", a dog whose role in life is to keep the indentured native servants (really slaves on a three-year contract) in line and to help hunt them down whenever they try to escape. So Jerry growls and snarls and bites at any of these lowly creatures – who are throughout the tale referred to in the most derogatory terms possible because of their supposedly inferior black-skinned race – who pass within his reach : that is the way he has been taught by his beloved white-skinned masters. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_178 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS – Because of this continual, insistent, off-putting racism throughout the book, the modern reader has great difficulty following the adventures of this dog through to the end as he voyages with his master from one primitive community to another along the coast of Malaita, the wildest and most dangerous of all the wild, dangerous Solomon Islands, in search of ever more indentured "servants" to be bought from tyrannical village chiefs in exchange for various chattel and trade goods. – Adventures there are, described dramatically enough, but described in a context of colonialism and racism that may or may not have been palatable to the reading public in the far-off days of the early 20th Century when it was written, but which is decidedly hard to stomach in these more enlightened times. | 5 | 70,000 | | 14 | 1917 | Michael, Brother of Jerry | South Seas | The central character of this wide-ranging adventure story is the thoroughbred Irish terrier that we met at the very beginning of "Jerry of the Islands" : Michael, who has also been brought up to be a "nxxxxx-chaser" on a Solomon Island plantation in the South Seas. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_179 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS But unlike his brother Jerry, whose whole existence was spent in those savage islands, Michael is kidnapped straight away by a sailor who rapidly becomes his "man-god" and brings him all over the South Seas where they have some memorable experiences indeed, notably a spectacular encounter with an enraged mother whale, and then go further over to sunny California. Where they get separated for good and where Michael not only gets kidnapped twice but finds out the hard way what life was like behind the scenes for the beasts of all sorts in the vaudeville theatres of the times, where trained-animal shows were all the rage. – The best and the most impressive half of the book is taken up by this detailed, heartfelt and highly-convincing account of the brutal and terribly cruel, one might almost sat inhumane methods whereby animals were "trained" to perform stunts to amuse a public generally unaware of the harshness and terrible death toll that such performances really entailed. – But the racist attitudes and language that so marred the first volume about Jerry are very much present in the first half of this episode too, and survive unfortunately right through to the end in the lovely Sonoma Valley area of Northern California. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_180 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | 6.5 | 97,300 | | 15 | 1919 | Hearts of Three (co-authored with Charles Goddard) | General Fiction | As Jack London recounts in the interesting prefix to this unusual book, not only was he incapable of writing a successful film script, but "because a man had written a score of novels was no guarantee that he could write a good scenario. Quite to the contrary, it was quickly discovered that the surest guarantee of failure was a previous record of success in novel-writing." And on the other hand, successful scriptwriters such as Charles Goddard, the co-author of this action novel with comic-book overtones, "couldn't write novels to save themselves". So Jack's editor and Charles's film producer came up with the novel idea of "novelization" of a moving-picture screenplay, and Mr. Goddard was brought in to write a screenplay of which Jack would write the novel version, and this is the result of that rather original experiment, that Jack London completed shortly after his fortieth birthday in the last year of his life. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_181 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Here we have Francis Morgan, a young idler of about 25 who has inherited a lot of money from his very dynamic father, a descendant of the (in)famous 17th-Century pirate Henry Morgan, who decides to go off on a hunt for the hidden treasure of his illustrious forbear after running into a Latin-American adventurer who has a map showing where Henry Morgan had hidden his quite fabulous treasure. So he is off to the rather wilder part of Panama, where he a) meets a very lookalike fellow-descendant of the pirate Morgan, equally engaged in the same treasure hunt ; b) gets accosted and menaced and kissed and whatnot by a wonderfully attractive young woman of Spanish origins ; c) gets attacked by savage Indians ; d) gets arrested by the local police and sentenced to death for a murder that his lookalike cousin is supposed to have committed ; e) is rescued by his cousin and flees into the mountains where he saves the life of a Mayan peasant whose father has an ancient Mayan document showing where the Mayans had hidden their own fabulous treasure ; . . . |
browsecomp_plus_17199_182 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS q) escapes from the Mayan tomb to discover a hidden valley that is jointly ruled by a vicious old priest and a beautiful princess who is the caretaker of the Mayan treasure chest ; r) escapes from the priest and his fanatical followers with the beautiful princess in a most dramatic fashion ; . . . x) gets married to one of these beautiful women but not the one he is really in love with ; y) rushes back to New York to try to salvage his fortune which is being violently attacked by a treacherous friend of his father's ; . . . and more. – All in all rather fun to read, an experiment that Jack was right to be quite pleased with. A success on a quite different plane than the rest of his very serious oeuvre. | 8 | 111,600 | 3. JACK LONDON STORIES THAT HAVE BEEN MARKETED AS NOVELS We have included in our compendium of Jack London stories in Section 1 the following Jack London texts that were all initially marketed by astute (not to say mercantile and unscrupulous) publishers as novels, as none of them have the strict minimum of 40,000 words needed to be classified as novels – for comparison, the 96 novels on this site have an average of 137,750 words each. | date pub. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_183 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | Title_________________________________ | Words__ | Category__ | Setting______________________ | || | 1 | 1902-07 | The Cruise of the Dazzler | 35,800 | novella | sailing adventure | | | 2 | 1903-07 | The Call of the Wild | 31,800 | novella | the Klondike gold rush | | | 3 | 1905-05 | The Game | 15,000 | novelette | boxing drama | | | 4 | 1907-02 | Before Adam | 39,000 | novella | prehistoric adventure story | | | 5 | 1911-09 | The Abysmal Brute | 23,500 | novella | boxing drama | | | 6 | 1912/1963 | The Assassination Bureau, Ltd | 32,000 | novella | crime story | | | 7 | 1912-06 | The Scarlet Plague | 20,200 | novella | dystopian plague story | 4. OTHER TITLES INCORRECTLY INCLUDED IN SOME ANTHOLOGIES OF JACK LONDON STORIES | date | Title_________________________ | |
browsecomp_plus_17199_184 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Genre | Comments_____________________________________________________ | Anthology/ Site____________________ | || | 1 | 1900 | Housekeeping in the Klondike | chronicle | This is a straight-forward newspaper report on the subject, not a story. It was never included in any of the many collections of his fiction that Jack London published during his lifetime. | Wikipedia List | | | 2 | 1900 | Jack London, by Himself | memoir | a micro-autobiography, as indicated by the title | Complete Short Stories | | | 3 | 1903 | The Dominant Primordial Beast | story extract | This is the title of Chapter III of the novella The Call of the Wild, not a separate story. | Wikipedia List | | | 4 | 1913 | The Sea-Gangsters | novel extract | This is the first chapter of the 1914 novel The Mutiny of the Elsinore, not a stand-alone story. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_185 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS It was never included in any of the numerous collections of his short stories published during his lifetime. | Wikipedia List | | | 5 | 1917 | Four Horses and a Sailor | memoir | memories of his life in the Sonoma Valley in California | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 6 | 1917 | Nothing That Ever Came to Anything | memoir | an account of shopping for a leopard skin in Ecuador. | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 7 | 1917 | Small-Boat Sailing | essay/memoir | a short essay on what makes a man a sailing-man, based on his personal experience. | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 8 | 1917 | That Dead Men Rise Up Never | memoir | an account of his experiences as an able sailor at the age of 17. | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 9 | 1917 | A Wicked Woman (Curtain Raiser) | theatrical sketch | a short sketch about an innocent young girl who's told that if she lets someone kiss her she has to marry him. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_186 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 10 | 1917 | The Birth Mark (Sketch) | theatrical sketch | a one-act play about a young woman penetrating into a man's club dressed up as a man and getting challenged by a fellow to all sorts of manly activities like boxing and drinking before she realizes he was flirting with her from the beginning. | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 11 | 1917 | A Classic of the Sea | literary essay | Jack London's eulogizing introduction to the seafaring memoir Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Dana (1840). | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 12 | 1917 | The Human Drift | political essay | a decidedly pessimistic overview of the past and future evolution of human civilization on earth. | Complete Short Stories ; Project Gutenberg | | | 13 | 1924 | Eyes of Asia | unfinished novel | this is the title of an unfinished novel that he was working on at the time of his death. | Wikipedia List | 5. ANALYSES 5.1 BY THEME | THEME | NO. OF TITLES | % | AVG. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_187 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS RATING | | | STORIES | Klondike | 84 | 41% | 8.6 | | General Fiction | 24 | 11.7% | 7.6 | | | South Seas | 20 | 9.8% | 7.5 | | | Sailing | 16 | 7.8% | 7.9 | | | Hawaii | 13 | 6.3% | 8.1 | | | Political Fiction | 7 | 3.4% | 6.9 | | | Crime Fiction | 6 | 2.9% | 6.9 | | | Science Fiction | 6 | 2.9% | 8.3 | | | Fantasy | 5 | 2.4% | 7 | | | Far East | 5 | 2.4% | 7 | | | Hobos | 5 | 2.4% | 8.2 | | | Boxing | 4 | 2% | 9 | | | Historical Fiction | 3 | 1,5% | 7.8 | | | Latin America | 3 | 1.5% | 7.3 | | | Ireland | 2 | 1% | 8.5 | | | War Stories | 2 | 1% | 8.5 | | | TOTAL | 205 | 100% | 8 | | | NOVELS | General Fiction | 7 | 46.7 | 7.1 | | South Seas | 3 | 20% | 5.5 | | | Klondike | 2 | 13.3% | 7 | | | Sailing | 2 | 13.3% | 8.5 | | | Political Fiction | |
browsecomp_plus_17199_188 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS 1 | 6.7% | 7 | | | TOTAL | 15 | 100% | 7 | 5.2 BY PERIOD | PERIOD | NO. OF TITLES | % | AVG. RATING | | | STORIES | 1893-1899 | 34 | 17% | 7.8 | | 1900-1909 | 107 | 52% | 8.4 | | | 1910-1916 | 64 | 31% | 7.6 | | | TOTAL | 205 | 100% | 8 | | | NOVELS | 1902-1909 | 6 | 40% | 7 | | 1910-1916 | 9 | 60% | 6.9 | | | TOTAL | 15 | 100% | 7 | 5.3 BY LENGTH OF STORY short story : < 7,500 words ; novelette : 7,500-17,499 words ; novella : 17,500-40,000 words | LENGTH OF STORY | NO. OF TITLES | % | AVG. RATING | | short stories | 160 | 78% | 8 | | novelettes | 39 | 19% | 8.4 | | novellas | 6 | 3% | 8.2 | | TOTAL | 205 | 100% | 8 | 5.4 QUALITY ASSESSMENT STORIES | RATING | NO. OF TITLES | % | AVG. |
browsecomp_plus_17199_189 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS RATING | QUALITY ASSESSMENT | | 1-6 | 19 | 9.3% | 5.7 | Poor | | 7 | 49 | 23.9% | 7.1 | Average | | 8 | 79 | 38.5% | 8.3 | Good/Very good | | 9-10 | 58 | 28.3% | 9.2 | Excellent/Masterwork | | TOTAL | 205 | 100% | 8 | QUALITY COUNT = Good+Excellent = 137 QUALITY RATIO = (Good+Excellent)/Total = 67% NOVELS | RATING | NO. OF TITLES | % | AVG. RATING | QUALITY ASSESSMENT | | 1-6 | 6 | 40% | 5.5 | Poor | | 7 | 3 | 20% | 7.2 | Average | | 8 | 4 | 27% | 8 | Good/Very good | | 9-10 | 2 | 13% | 9 | Excellent/Masterwork | | TOTAL | 15 | 100% | 7 | QUALITY COUNT = Good+Excellent = 6 QUALITY RATIO = (Good+Excellent)/Total = 40% 6. REFERENCES 6.1 WEBSITES – Project Gutenberg : downloadable Jack London stories (154) and novels (15) – Wikipedia : lists of Jack London stories (198) and novels (15) [ 5] 6.2 ANTHOLOGIES – Delphi Complete Works of Jack London (ebook, 2014) (with 203 stories [ |
browsecomp_plus_17199_190 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS 6] and 15 novels) – The Complete Short Stories of Jack London (Di Lernia Publishers, ebook, 2010) (with 197 stories [ |
browsecomp_plus_17199_191 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS 7]) 7. INDEX OF JACK LONDON'S 205 STORIES AND 15 NOVELS, in alphabetical order including all known alternate titles | TITLE__________________________________________ | CATEGORY__________ | DATE__________ | OUR RATING | | | A Curious Fragment | short story | 1908 | 8 | | | A Daughter of the Aurora | short story | 1899 | 8.5 | | | A Daughter of the Snows | novel | 1902 | 5 | | | A Day's Lodging | short story | 1907 | 9 | | | A Dream Image | short story | 1898 | 8.5 | | | A Flutter in Eggs | novelette | 1912 | 7 | | | A Goboto Night | short story | 1911 | 7 | | | A Hyperborean Brew | short story | 1901 | 6.5 | | | A Klondike Christmas | short story | 1898 | 8 | | | A Lesson in Heraldry | short story | 1900 | 7 | | | A Little Account with Swithin Hall | short story | 1911 | 7 | | | A |
browsecomp_plus_17199_192 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Night's Swim in Yeddo Bay | short story | 1903 | 6.5 | | | A Northland Miracle | short story | 1900 | 9 | | | A Nose For the King | short story | 1906 | 7 | | | A Piece of Steak | novelette | 1909 | 10 | | | A Raid on the Oyster Pirates | short story | 1905 | 7.5 | | | A Relic of the Pliocene | short story | 1901 | 8 | | | A Son of the Sun | short story | 1911 | 6 | | | A Thousand Deaths | short story | 1899 | 9 | | | A Wicked Woman | short story | 1906 | 6 | | | Adventure | novel | 1911 | 5 | | | All Gold Canyon | novelette | 1905 | 9.5 | | | Aloha Oe | short story | 1908 | 9 | | | Amateur Night | short story | 1903 | 7 | | | An Adventure in the Upper Sea | short story | 1902 | 7 | | | An Alaskan Courtship | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | An Odyssey of the North | novelette | 1900 | 8.5 | | | An Old Soldier's Story | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | And 'Frisco Kid Came Back | short story | 1895 | 7 | | | At |
browsecomp_plus_17199_193 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS the Rainbow's End | short story | 1901 | 8.5 | | | Bald-Face | short story | 1901 | 8 | | | Bâtard | short story | 1904 | 8.5 | | | Before Adam | novella | 1907 | 8.5 | | | Brown Wolf | short story | 1906 | 9 | | | Bunches of Knuckles | short story | 1910 | 8.5 | | | Burning Daylight | novel | 1910 | 8 | | | By the Turtles of Tasman | novelette | 1911 | 8.5 | | | Charley's Coup | short story | 1905 | 8 | | | Chased by the Trail | short story | 1907 | 9 | | | Chris Farrington, Able Seaman | short story | 1901 | 8.5 | | | Chun Ah Chun | short story | 1910 | 9 | | | Created He Them | short story | 1907 | 8 | | | Demetrios Contos | short story | 1905 | 8.5 | | | Diable — A Dog | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | Dutch Courage | short story | 1900 | 8.5 | | | Even Unto Death | short story | 1900 | 7 | | | Finis | novelette | 1916 | 10 | | | Flush of Gold | short story | 1908 | 8 | | | Frisco Kid's Story | short story | 1895 |
browsecomp_plus_17199_194 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | 7 | | | Goliah | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | Goliath | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | Good-Bye, Jack | short story | 1909 | 8.5 | | | Grit of Women | short story | 1900 | 9.5 | | | Hearts of Three | novel | 1919 | 8 | | | In a Far Country | short story | 1899 | 9 | | | In the Cave of the Dead | novelette | 1916 | 7 | | | In the Forests of the North | short story | 1902 | 9 | | | In the Time of Prince Charley | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | In Yeddo Bay | short story | 1903 | 6.5 | | | Jan, the Unrepentant | short story | 1900 | 8 | | | Jerry of the Islands | novel | 1917 | 5 | | | Just Meat | short story | 1907 | 6 | | | Keesh, the Bear Hunter | short story | 1904 | 8 | | | Keesh, Son of Keesh | short story | 1902 | 9 | | | Keesh, the Son of Keesh | short story | 1902 | 9 | | | Klondike Wooing | short story | 1983 | 7 | | | Koolau the Leper | short story | 1909 | 9 | | |
browsecomp_plus_17199_195 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | Li Wan, the Fair | short story | 1902 | 8 | | | Like Argus of the Ancient Times | novelette | 1916 | 8.5 | | | Local Colour | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | Lost Face | short story | 1908 | 10 | | | Love of Life | novelette | 1905 | 9.5 | | | Make Westing | short story | 1908 | 9 | | | Man of Mine | novelette | 1916 | 7 | | | Martin Eden | novel | 1909 | 7.5 | | | Mauki | short story | 1909 | 9 | | | Michael, Brother of Jerry | novel | 1917 | 6.5 | | | Moon-Face : A Story of Mortal Antipathy | short story | 1902 | 8 | | | Morganson's Finish | novelette | 1907 | 10 | | | Nam-Bok, the Liar | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | Nam-Bok, the Un-veracious | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | Negore, The Coward | short story | 1907 | 8.5 | | | Night's Swim in Yeddo Bay | short story | 1895 | 7 | | | O Haru | short story | 1897 | 7 | | | Old Baldy | short story | 1899 | 8.5 | | | On the Banks of |
browsecomp_plus_17199_196 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS the Sacramento | short story | 1904 | 9 | | | On the Makaloa Mat | short story | 1916 | 7 | | | One More Unfortunate | short story | 1895 | 8 | | | Pals | short story | 1908 | 6 | | | Piece of Life | short story | 1954 | 10 | | | Plague Ship | short story | 1897 | 9 | | | Planchette | novelette | 1906 | 7 | | | Pluck and Pertinacity | short story | 1899 | 9 | | | Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki | short story | 1895 | 7.5 | | | Samuel | novelette | 1913 | 8.5 | | | Semper Idem | short story | 1900 | 8.5 | | | Shin-Bones | novelette | 1916 | 7 | | | Shorty Dreams | short story | 1911 | 8 | | | Siwash | short story | 1901 | 8.5 | | | South of the Slot | short story | 1909 | 8.5 | | | Story of a Typhoon Off the Coast of Japan | short story | 1893 | 7 | | | Thanksgiving on Slav Creek | short story | 1900 | 9 | | | That Spot | short story | 1908 | 9 | | | The "Francis Spaight" | short story | 1911 | 7 | | | The "Fuzziness" of |
browsecomp_plus_17199_197 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Hoockla-Heen | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | The Abysmal Brute | novella | 1911 | 8 | | | The Angry Mammoth | short story | 1959 | 8 | | | The Apostate | short story | 1906 | 7 | | | The Assassination Bureau, Ltd | novella | 1912 | 5 | | | The Banks of the Sacramento | short story | 1904 | 9 | | | The Benefit of the Doubt | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | The Bones of Kahekili | novelette | 1916 | 8 | | | The Call of the Wild | novella | 1903 | 10 | | | The Captain of the Susan Drew | short story | 1912 | 8.5 | | | The Chinago | short story | 1909 | 7 | | | The Cruise of the Dazzler | novella | 1902 | 8.5 | | | The Dead Do Not Come Back | short story | 1961 | 6 | | | The Dead Horse Trail | short story | 1964 | 9 | | | The Death of Ligoun | short story | 1902 | 9 | | | The Death Trail | novelette | 1959 | 10 | | | The Devil's Dice Box | short story | 1898 | 9 | | | The Devils of Fuatino | short story | 1912 | 8 | | | The Dream |
browsecomp_plus_17199_198 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS of Debs | novelette | 1909 | 7 | | | The End of the Chapter | short story | 1900 | 9 | | | The End of the Story | novelette | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The Enemy of All the World | short story | 1908 | 7.5 | | | The Eternity of Forms | short story | 1811 | 6 | | | The Faith of Men | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | The Feathers of the Sun | novelette | 1912 | 7 | | | The First Poet | short story | 1916 | 7 | | | The Game | novelette | 1905 | 8.5 | | | The Goat Man of Fuatino | novelette | 1911 | 8 | | | The God of His Fathers | short story | 1901 | 9 | | | The Great Interrogation | short story | 1900 | 7 | | | The Grilling of Loren Ellery | short story | 1912 | 6 | | | The Handsome Cabin Boy | short story | 1899 | 6 | | | The Hanging of Cultus George | short story | 1912 | 8.5 | | | The Heathen | novelette | 1909 | 10 | | | The Hobo and the Fairy | short story | 1911 | 10 | | | The House of Mapuhi | novelette | 1909 | 9 | | | The House of |
browsecomp_plus_17199_199 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Pride | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | The Hussy | novelette | 1916 | 7 | | | The Inevitable White Man | short story | 1910 | 4 | | | The Iron Heel | novel | 1908 | 7 | | | The Jacket | short story | 1915 | 8 | | | The Jokers of New Gibbon | short story | 1911 | 4 | | | The Kanaka Surf | short story | 1919 | 8 | | | The Kempton-Wace Letters | novel | 1903 | 5 | | | The King of Mazy May | short story | 1899 | 9 | | | The King of the Greeks | short story | 1905 | 7.5 | | | The Law of Life | short story | 1901 | 10 | | | The League of the Old Men | short story | 1902 | 9.5 | | | The Leopard Man's Story | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | The Little Lady of the Big House | novel | 1915 | 7 | | | The Little Man | short story | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The Lost Poacher | short story | 1901 | 8.5 | | | The Madness of John Harned | short story | 1909 | 9 | | | The Mahatma's Little Joke | short story | 1897 | 6 | | | The |
browsecomp_plus_17199_200 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Man on the Other Bank | short story | 1911 | 7.5 | | | The Man with the Gash | short story | 1900 | 7.5 | | | The Marriage of Lit-lit | short story | 1903 | 9 | | | The Master of Mystery | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | The Meat | novella | 1911 | 8 | | | The Men of Forty-Mile | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | The Mexican | novelette | 1911 | 9.5 | | | The Minions of Midas | short story | 1901 | 6 | | | The Misogynist | novelette | 1897 | 8.5 | | | The Mission of John Starhurst | short story | 1909 | 7.5 | | | The Mistake of Creation | short story | 1912 | 8.5 | | | The Mutiny of the Elsinore | novel | 1914 | 8 | | | The Night-Born | short story | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The One Thousand Dozen | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | The Passing of Marcus O'Brien | short story | 1908 | 9 | | | The Pearls of Parlay | novelette | 1911 | 9 | | | The Plague Ship | short story | 1897 | 9 | | | The Priestly Prerogative | short story | 1899 | 6 | | | The Princess |
browsecomp_plus_17199_201 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | novelette | 1916 | 8.5 | | | The Prodigal Father | short story | 1912 | 7 | | | The Proper "Girlie" | short story | 1900 | 7 | | | The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn | short story | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The Race for Number Three | short story | 1911 | 9 | | | The Red One | novelette | 1916 | 8 | | | The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | The Scarlet Plague | novella | 1912 | 9 | | | The Scorn of Women | novelette | 1901 | 8.5 | | | The Sea Farmer | short story | 1912 | 8.5 | | | The Sea-Farmer | short story | 1912 | 8.5 | | | The Sea Wolf | novel | 1904 | 9 | | | The Seed of McCoy | novelette | 1909 | 9 | | | The Shadow and the Flash | short story | 1903 | 8.5 | | | The Sheriff of Kona | short story | 1909 | 8.5 | | | The Sickness of Lone Chief | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | The Siege of the "Lancashire Queen" | short story | 1905 | 7 | | | The Son of the Wolf | short story | 1899 | 6 | | | The |
browsecomp_plus_17199_202 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS Stampede to Squaw Creek | short story | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The Star Rover | novel | 1915 | 8 | | | The Story of Jees Uck | novelette | 1902 | 8.5 | | | The Story of Keesh | short story | 1907 | 8 | | | The Strange Experience of a Misogynist | novelette | 1993 | 8.5 | | | The Strength of the Strong | short story | 1911 | 7 | | | The Sun-Dog Trail | short story | 1905 | 10 | | | The Sunlanders | novelette | 1902 | 9 | | | The Taste of the Meat | novella | 1911 | 8.5 | | | The Tears of Ah Kim | short story | 1916 | 9 | | | The Terrible Solomons | short story | 1910 | 4 | | | The Test : A Klondike Wooing | short story | 1898 | 7 | | | The Town-Site of Tra-Lee | novelette | 1912 | 8 | | | The Unexpected | short story | 1906 | 9 | | | The Unmasking of a Cad | short story | 1911 | 8 | | | The Unmasking of the Cad | short story | 1911 | 8 | | | The Unparalleled Invasion | short story | 1910 | 6 | | | The Valley of the Moon | novel | 1913 | |
browsecomp_plus_17199_203 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS 6.5 | | | The Water Baby | short story | 1916 | 7.5 | | | The Whale Tooth | short story | 1910 | 7.5 | | | The White Man's Way | short story | 1906 | 8 | | | The White Silence | short story | 1899 | 9.5 | | | The Wife of a King | short story | 1899 | 8.5 | | | The Wisdom of the Trail | short story | 1899 | 9.5 | | | The Wit of Porportuk | novelette | 1906 | 9 | | | Their Alcove | short story | 1900 | 8.5 | | | To Build a Fire (Juvenile Version) | short story | 1902 | 8.5 | | | To Build a Fire | short story | 1908 | 10 | | | To Kill a Man | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | To Repel Boarders | short story | 1902 | 8 | | | To the Man on the Trail | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | To the Man on Trail : A Klondike Christmas | short story | 1899 | 8 | | | Told in the Drooling Ward | short story | 1914 | 8 | | | Too Much Gold | short story | 1903 | 7 | | | Trust | short story | 1908 | 9 | | | Two Gold Bricks | |
browsecomp_plus_17199_204 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS short story | 1897 | 6 | | | Typhoon Off the Coast of Japan | short story | 1893 | 7 | | | Under the Deck Awnings | short story | 1910 | 7.5 | | | Up the Slide | short story | 1906 | 8 | | | Uri Bram's God | short story | 1900 | 9 | | | War | short story | 1911 | 9 | | | When Alice Told Her Soul | short story | 1916 | 7.5 | | | When God Laughs | short story | 1907 | 7.5 | | | When the World Was Young | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | Where the Trail Forks | short story | 1900 | 9 | | | Which Make Men Remember | short story | 1901 | 9 | | | White and Yellow | short story | 1905 | 8 | | | White Fang | novel | 1906 | 9 | | | Who Believes in Ghosts ! | short story | 1895 | 7.5 | | | Whose Business Is To Live | novelette | 1916 | 6 | | | Winged Blackmail | short story | 1910 | 7 | | | Wonder of Woman | novelette | 1912 | 9 | | | Yah ! Yah ! Yah ! |
browsecomp_plus_17199_205 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS | short story | 1910 | 9.5 | | | Yellow Handkerchief | short story | 1905 | 8 | [ 1] date : – without an asterisk : the date of 1st publication during the lifetime of Jack London ; – with an asterisk : works published posthumously. The date shown is the earliest date at which the composition of the text is known to have been completed. [ 2] Jack London's other hobo stories are Frisco Kid's Story, Local Color, The Hobo and the Fairy and The Princess. [ 3] The other fantasy stories by Jack London are Who Believes in Ghosts ?, The Mahatma's Little Joke, The Misogynist, and The Eternity of Forms. [ 4] Jack London himself contracted scurvy when in the Klondike, which resulted in the loss of four front teeth and the curtailment of his stay in the Far North, less than a year after his arrival there. [ 5] the following titles are missing from the Wikipedia list of Jack London stories : the first 6 titles shown in Section 3 that are classified as novels, and the mock playlet The First Poet. [ 6] the following 2 stories are missing from the Delphi anthology of Jack London stories : The Assassination Bureau and the mock playlet The First Poet. [ |
browsecomp_plus_17199_206 | ALL THE STORIES AND NOVELS OF JACK LONDON : SYNOPSES, COMMENTS AND RATINGS 7] the following stories are missing from the Di Lernia anthology of Jack London stories : the 7 titles shown in Section 3 that are classified as novels, and the juvenile version of To Build a Fire. |
browsecomp_plus_15553_1 | 23 of Illinois' 29 largest cities are shrinking, Chicago sees 2nd-biggest population decline in U.S. 23 of Illinois' 29 largest cities are shrinking, Chicago sees 2nd-biggest population decline in U.S. In the majority of Illinois' large cities, the number of people moving to another part of the country is greater than the combined gains from more births than deaths and international immigration. The majority of Illinois' large cities are shrinking, according to new data released May 19 by the U.S. Census Bureau. The census data consider all American cities with populations over 50,000 and show how much those cities grow or shrink year-over-year, comparing July 2014 to July 2015. Chicago topped Illinois' list for population decline – the city lost 2,890 people on net, the second-worst population decline in the country. Only Detroit's decline of 3,107 people was worse. There are 758 American cities that have populations greater than 50,000. Of these cities, 629 grew, and 129 shrank. Illinois has 29 cities with populations greater than 50,000, and of these, six grew and 23 shrank. If these trends continue it's likely Houston, which saw the second-largest increase among major cities, could surpass Chicago in a decade as America's third-largest city. Why are so many Illinois cities shrinking? |
browsecomp_plus_15553_2 | 23 of Illinois' 29 largest cities are shrinking, Chicago sees 2nd-biggest population decline in U.S. Many Illinoisans are leaving for other states, and these residents are not being replaced by people moving in from other states and other countries. Most cities grow before factoring in migration, because they have more births than deaths. However, when a city has a significant amount of out-migration, it can cause the city population to shrink, even if there are more births than deaths. For example, census data on the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area, or MSA (not the city proper) show that births outnumbered deaths by nearly 50,000 in the MSA, and that Chicago had net gains from international immigration. However, the Chicago MSA's population loss to other parts of the country was so great that it wiped out the gains from births and international immigration. This is happening in the majority of Illinois' large cities: The population that moves away to another part of the country is greater than the combined gains from more births than deaths and international immigration. Judged by growth rate, 24 of Illinois' 29 large cities fell in the bottom 20 percent of large cities across the country. The majority of Illinois' large cities (17 of 29) fell in the bottom 10 percent, while Illinois' 10 fastest-shrinking cities fell in the bottom 5 percent of large U.S. cities. |
browsecomp_plus_15553_3 | 23 of Illinois' 29 largest cities are shrinking, Chicago sees 2nd-biggest population decline in U.S. Downstate communities that have suffered significant industrial losses showed the fastest rates of decline, including industrial towns such as Decatur, Peoria and Rockford. Illinois was the only state of its five neighbors to have more shrinking large cities than growing cities. Ten of Indiana's 17 large cities grew; all of Iowa's and Kentucky's large cities grew; 9 of Missouri's 13 large cities grew; and 6 of Wisconsin's 12 large cities grew. A number of municipalities across Illinois are already fiscally unstable due to heavy pension debts that cannot be carried by shrinking population bases. Illinois needs economic growth and government restructuring. Growth policies include workers' compensation reform, Right-to-Work policies, lawsuit reform, a property-tax freeze, and an overhaul of the state's licensing and regulatory apparatus. Government restructuring includes consolidating Illinois' 7,000 units of government, repealing the Illinois Constitution's pension-protection clause, exempting public projects from prevailing-wage requirements, and allowing local governments to change their collective bargaining agreements. Furthermore, Illinois municipalities should have the ability to file bankruptcy. It would be less disruptive for municipalities to obtain authority to restructure debt through bankruptcy now, rather than in the midst of a full-blown crisis. |
browsecomp_plus_15553_4 | 23 of Illinois' 29 largest cities are shrinking, Chicago sees 2nd-biggest population decline in U.S. Illinois' stark out-migration problem demands attention from the General Assembly, and a policy agenda that will help industrial towns grow and heavily indebted towns to lower their costs and restructure their debts through the bankruptcy process. |
browsecomp_plus_6198_1 | Historical romances where heroine is disguised as a boy. r/RomanceBooks is a discussion sub for readers of romance novels. Home of the magic search button and endless book recommendations as well as discussions about tropes and characters, book clubs, and more. Happy Endings guaranteed. Historical romances where heroine is disguised as a boy. Book Request Help! I've read Ashes in the Wind (Woodiwiss) and the Pirates and Petticoats series (Flowers), and I'm looking for more books with this trope. I love strong, badass heroines and charming bad boy heroes. Bonus points if they're pirates/smugglers etc. (I also posted this on the "suggest me a book" thread). I need more suggestions 💕. TIA!!! |
browsecomp_plus_81054_1 | 2019 Grammy Nominations The latest music, videos & news relating to your favorite hip-hop & R&B artists. Please read the [ * *Guidelines/FAQ**]( before posting! |
browsecomp_plus_79912_1 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings "We met face-to-face and it's like looking at yourself in the mirror." Finding long lost siblings isn't something that just happens in the movies! Thanks to the prevalence of DNA testing and expansive online ancestry databases, people have been making some wild discoveries about their families. That, of course, includes celebrities, who have often shared the exciting news when they discover a sibling they didn't know about. Although it can be a shock, these long lost siblings have led to some happy reunions! Read on to discover which celebs found long lost siblings… Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Confirms New Fast & Furious Movie Is All About Hobbs View StoryDwayne Johnson grew up with his father, famed wrestler Rocky Johnson, and was aware that his father had two children from a previous marriage. It turns out that Dwayne also has five other half-siblings, who all discovered each other through DNA testing. While Rocky's five children didn't get the chance to see their father before he passed, they have since met up and spent time with Rocky's brother Ricky. "They deserve to be loved, like any other child does, whether they're rich and famous or not," Ricky told Sports Illustrated. |
browsecomp_plus_79912_2 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings "We talked many times, just me and him, one on one. We fought about [ the way he treated his family], argued about it. That's the way he chose to live his life." While Dwayne has not reconnected with his siblings, the group say that he doesn't "owe us anything" and they're happy to just have one another. The Rock and Disney Announce Live-Action Moana Movie Is on the Way View StoryIn 2007, a woman named Patricia Lee discovered she was Oprah Winfrey's half-sister. Their mother had given up Patricia for adoption in 1963 when Oprah was nine years old and living with her father. Patricia held onto the secret for several years and then in 2011, she reached out to Oprah's niece. After confirming things through a DNA test, Oprah's family told her -- and they all reunited on Thanksgiving Day. "What's so extraordinary about Patricia…is that [ she's] known this secret since 2007…She never once thought to go to the press," Oprah said on her show. "I didn't know if it was true or not true, that you are my sister…I had to meet you because I wanted to meet someone who had that kind of character." |
browsecomp_plus_79912_3 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings Demi Lovato Explains Why She Reclaimed She/Her Pronouns View StoryDemi Lovato was 20 years old when she found out she had a half-sibling named Amber. It turns out that Demi's father Patrick welcomed his oldest daughter a decade before Demi was born. Amber says she waited so long to reach out to Demi because she didn't want to look like she was after her fame. "I have an older sister I've never known my whole life, who's in her 30s…She's my half-sister, but I talked to her for the very first time in my life around when I turned 20," Demi reportedly said during a radio station appearance. "'Why haven't you ever contacted me?' She said, 'Well, I never wanted you to think I wanted anything from you. So I've just been kind of waiting to see if you wanted a relationship.' I thought that was so incredible." Pregnant Lindsay Lohan Flaunts Baby Bump on Allure Cover, Reveals Jamie Lee Curtis' Parenting Advice View StoryLindsay Lohan discovered she had a half-sister during an appearance on "Good Morning America." |
browsecomp_plus_79912_4 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings The day prior, Lindsay's father Michael had appeared on an episode of "Trisha Goddard," where DNA tests confirmed that he had fathered an illegitimate love child while he was still married to Lindsay's mom Dina. By the time Lindsay appeared on "GMA," she hadn't yet heard the news and appeared to be very surprised by it all. "I didn't even hear that, so thanks for the news. I don't pay attention to any of it. I don't really want to get into that. I want to stay on the positive side of things," Lindsay said on the show. Cheryl Burke Shares Fears About 'Starting Over,' Divorced and Sober, After DWTS Retirement View StoryWhen Cheryl Burke's father passed away, she ended up connecting with a half-sister named Ina. Cheryl says that while her father had told her a few years prior that she had another sister, she was still hesitant when Ina reached out to her. The pair eventually met up and Cheryl shared they instantly felt "like we had known each other forever." "I was a little nervous meeting face-to-face because you just never know. And then we met face-to-face and it's like looking at yourself in the mirror. |
browsecomp_plus_79912_5 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings When you see someone on social media, you wonder do they still look like that? When I saw her in person, it was like looking in the mirror, like the freckles. We definitely look like our father," Cheryl told People. Cheryl Burke Reveals Mood After Matthew Lawrence and Chilli Confirm Relationship View StoryKeegan-Michael Key was adopted as a child and when he traced his roots as an adult, he learned that he had two half-brothers, one of whom was the late comic book writer Dwayne McDuffie. Unfortunately, it sounds like the pair never got to meet before Dwayne passed away. "My one brother worked for DC Comics. He worked for DC Comics and Marvel Comics and he was in charge of a department, of an animation department…for bringing characters of color on screen," he said on the "You Made It Weird" podcast. In 2017, Janice Dickinson and her two sisters learned that they had a long lost half-sister named Gloria "Bunny" Dickinson. It turns out that Janice's father had a relationship prior to welcoming Janice and her sisters. The discovery was made after Bunny's nephew "researched their family genealogy." |
browsecomp_plus_79912_6 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings Bunny went on to reach out to her sister and they were later able to meet up in person -- and Janice brought cameras along. "From the moment Bunny called me, I knew that she was my sister because the cadence of her voice. Us Dickinson ladies are just tall Texan ravishing beauties," she told Daily Mail, later adding, "I never knew. I didn't know my father had been married before, let alone had another child." Demi Lovato Urges Teens Struggling With Mental Health to Ask For Help View StoryIn 2000, Bono learned that his cousin was actually his half-brother. Years prior, Bono's father had an affair with his wife's sister, resulting in a son named Scott. While Bono and Scott were raised to be cousins, they later learned the truth -- and it ended up making a lot of sense to them. "The truth is with Scott, we felt like brothers long before we knew we were. I love Scott and his mother, Barbara," Bono wrote in his memoir. 9. KT Tunstall KT Tunstall was the first celebrity to appear on "Long Lost Family" in 2019 and while she was on the show, she made a major discovery. |
browsecomp_plus_79912_7 | 9 Celebrities Who Discovered They Had Long Lost Siblings KT, who was adopted, was able to track down the name of her biological father and learned that she had two half-sisters living in Scotland -- Siobhan and Lesley-Anne. "I've never had sisters -- it's a beautiful surprise. We did keep staring at each other, going, 'We've got the same eyes, the same cheeks, the same dimples.' It's so weird," KT said. "They grew up 35 miles from where I lived and I worked in the ice-cream shop in St Andrews and they'd regularly come. It's pretty likely I've done them a double cone. I've found these two extraordinary women who I look like, I feel like, I have a total kinship with, really share deep personality traits and certainly share world views with." |
browsecomp_plus_24555_1 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets As the world automotive industry underwent structural change, the Volkswagen Group evolved into a multi-brand alliance with a global production network. Based primarily on a high-volume policy, Volkswagen vigorously exploited opportunities for expansion on European and Asian markets to counter the negative trends in the automotive industry during the 1980s. Increased pressure from the competition in Europe and North America, higher energy prices, instability on international currency markets as well as environmental concerns demanded new product design and manufacturing concepts. Volkswagen met those challenges by an innovative and expansive approach based on advancements in automotive engineering and flexible production. The strategy also entailed utilising opportunities for international co-operation and cutting costs through by strengthening the Group's global production network. Volkswagen engaged in ground-breaking co-operative ventures in the Asian-Pacific region, which was becoming an increasing focus as a high-volume export market thanks to its dynamic economic growth and low production cost base. The licensing agreement by which Nissan began assembling and marketing the Santana through its dealership organisation in early 1984 strengthened Volkswagen's presence on the Japanese market. The Volkswagen Group also intensified its analysis of the flexible and productive systems set up by Japanese manufacturers. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_2 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets Although the Volkswagen Group rose to become the leading foreign car importer in Japan, the country's protectionist policies blocked any major expansion of the export business. It was only the opening of the Japanese market in the late 1980s that created the preconditions for a volume-based export strategy. Volkswagen Audi Nippon K.K., which emerged in mid-1989 out of the consulting firm Volkswagen Asia Ltd., subsequently began establishing an independent sales organisation. At the core of the company's Asian involvement was the People's Republic of China. Its reform policies and industrial development opened the way to a market of great future potential. Conversely, the Chinese leadership trusted in Volkswagen because of its pioneering development of the automotive industry in Brazil and Mexico. In 1978, the two parties began negotiations on the construction of a car plant. However, the proposed large-scale project was abandoned because it did not fit with the conditions prevailing in Chinese industry and was beyond the limited financial possibilities of the Volkswagen Group. The idea was dropped in favour of gradual expansion of production. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_3 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets The assembly contract signed in 1982 with the Shanghai Tractor & Automobile Corporation was the precursor to a successful German-Chinese undertaking which began on April 11, 1983 when the first Santana built in China rolled off the production line and was further enhanced in 1985 with the founding of the joint venture Volkswagen Shanghai Automotive Company, Ltd. As capacity increased, the joint venture became China's largest passenger car producer and made Volkswagen the market leader in the People's Republic. The establishment of a second joint venture in February 1991 assured that position for the long term. Like the Volkswagen plant in Shanghai, FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company, Ltd. in Changchun manufactured for the Chinese market as well as for other members of the Volkswagen Group. In parallel with its entry onto the Chinese market, the Volkswagen Group was building a leading position in Europe, which in 1982 saw an upturn in the export business. Despite the general weakness in the automotive industry, the Group's total sales of almost 619,000 vehicles were up against the previous year. Key markets were France, Italy and the UK, where more than 100,000 vehicles respectively were sold. In Spain, however, where the country's impending membership of the European Community meant that substantial growth in car imports was to be expected, Volkswagen was barely represented. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_4 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets After import limitations on passenger cars were lifted, Volkswagen had formed its own sales company in May 1981 as a first step in gaining access to the Iberian market. A further step entailed the signing of a co-operation agreement with state-owned car-maker Seat. Volkswagen quickly filled the gap left by Fiat's withdrawal from involvement in the Spanish company. With the licence agreement for production of the Polo, Passat and Santana, the Volkswagen Board intended to make Volkswagen the number one in Europe. Only after Polo production was transferred to Spain could capacity in Wolfsburg be made available for the expansion of Golf production. The co-operation with Seat was bearing its first fruits by 1984, with sales of Volkswagen and Audi models in Spain climbing from 2,379 in 1982 to 28,667 units. The company was also able to strengthen its market positions in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Scandinavia. With sales of almost 760,000 vehicles, representing an increase of 24 percent, the Volkswagen Group reached the number one position in Europe for the first time in 1985. This provided the impetus for a takeover of Seat in June 1986. Just like Auto Union over 20 years earlier, Seat joined the Volkswagen Group as an independent brand. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_5 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets Seat's separation from Fiat had left its mark, however, as it forced the Spanish company to undertake the difficult task of developing its own range of competitive products. Substantial investments in production rationalisation and vehicle development were necessary before the Spanish Volkswagen subsidiary returned a profit in 1988. While Volkswagen AG was conquering new markets in Europe and Asia during the 1980s, business in America was in crisis. Stronger competition from Japanese manufacturers, who had increased their exports to the USA as well as expanding their production capacities there, caused Volkswagen of America's sales to stagnate in 1986. As the year before, the Jetta remained the company's best-selling model, but production of the Golf in the United States had to be cut by 13 percent because it again did not meet sales expectations. Sustained heavy financial losses and surplus capacity forced the Volkswagen Group's management to close the Westmoreland plant in November 1987. The plant in Puebla, Mexico took over production of the Golf and the Jetta for the North American market. South America's unstable economic development and high inflation resulted in a steady loss of earnings for Volkswagen's Brazilian and Argentinian subsidiaries. The introduction of price controls by the Brazilian government in October 1986 undermined the profitability of Volkswagen do Brasil. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_6 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets In order to safeguard its involvement in South America with limited financial investment and to reduce overall financial risk, Volkswagen AG sought a co-operation agreement with Ford. The two manufacturers combined their operations in Brazil and Argentina under a joint holding company, Autolatina, founded on May 27, 1987. Volkswagen took responsibility for technical matters and Ford handled the financial management of the joint venture. The planned merger of Volkswagen do Brasil and Ford Brasil fell through because of Brazil's dealership law, so the two companies remained as legally independent entities. Their cost structures improved thanks to synergy effects and the creation of joint production lines. By contrast, Autolatina Argentina's situation remained critical, so that a merger of the sales networks was considered in 1990. An industrial relations pact between the Ministry of Trade and Industry, trade unions and the automotive industry in Argentina in 1991, and subsequently in late March 1992 in Brazil, provided the car business with a sustained boost. The co-operation between Volkswagen and Ford resulted in a second joint venture in Portugal in 1991. Aimed at sharing capital commitment and risk, the enterprise was set up to produce a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) for the European market. The collapse of the socialist planned economies in Eastern Europe took Volkswagen's expansion in an unexpected direction. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_7 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets Immediately after the Wall came down in November 1989, the Wolfsburg company intensified its negotiations with the automotive industry in Saxony, with which it had in fact been doing business for a number of years. In December 1989, Volkswagen formed a planning company together with the former state-owned passenger car combine "IFA-Kombinat Personenkraftwagen" in Chemnitz to prepare the development and production of vehicle models which could be competitive on international markets. In anticipation of a boom in demand for western cars in the East, Volkswagen invested in expanding production at the Mosel, Chemnitz and Eisenach plants. A state-of-the-art assembly plant was built in Mosel with capacity for 250,000 vehicles a year. The factory in Chemnitz supplied engines, while cylinder heads were manufactured in Eisenach. After their capacities had been expanded, both plants also produced for other members of the Volkswagen Group. The upheaval after 1989 gave Volkswagen AG the unique opportunity to gain a foothold on Eastern European car markets. Volkswagen's management identified an acquisition target in Czech car-maker Škoda, with its valuable brand name, long-standing tradition and highly qualified workforce. |
browsecomp_plus_24555_8 | 1982 to 1991 – New Brands, New Markets In anticipation of an upturn in the car industry, Volkswagen promised a substantial expansion of production and extensive social benefits, and in particular undertook not to make any redundancies for a limited period. Škoda became the fourth independent brand within the Volkswagen Group in 1991. However, the collapse of the domestic market and markets across Eastern Europe thwarted the all too optimistic forecasts. The Volkswagen Group developed rapidly into a global production network with plants on five continents. By establishing a strong pillar of its business in Asia as well as in Eastern Europe, Volkswagen was able not only to enter growth markets but also to establish plants that could be run at lower cost. The Volkswagen Group's growth and multi-market strategy made it the number one in the European car industry, allowing it to expand its product range so as to develop models for all tastes and needs. The increasing cost of this expansion undermined Volkswagen's financial position as the economic crisis of 1992 took hold. |
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